Technology In Australian Healthcare System -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Major Challenges In Implementing Information Technology In Healthcare In Australia? How Does Health Information Technology Influence The Standards Of Healthcare Delivery In Australia? How The Obstacles In Implementing Health Information Technology Can Be Eliminated In Australia? What Is The Role Of The Government To Promote Health Information System Technology In Healthcare Delivery? Answers: Introduction Due to rise in global population, traditional health care services cannot fulfil all the requirements of the massive target demographics. As per the reports published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the population in Australian has increased by six times from 4 million in 1900 to 24 million in 2016 creating huge challenges in health services (Abs.gov.au, 2017). Evidently, the government of Australia is continuously assessing and monitoring the challenges in health care delivery as the growth of population has been a major worry. To deliver the best possible healthcare services for the Australian citizens, the introduction of healthcare information technology at different levels can be identified as one of the most commanding steps. Precisely, high life expectancy rate can be presented as an evidence of improved healthcare services in Australia (Lee Joshi, 2016). However, there are a number of challenges associated with implementing and monitoring the health information techn ology in Australia. Clearly, identification of the challenges in managing health information technology should be discussed for further improvement in healthcare services. Problem Statement In the current context of healthcare services in Australia, healthcare information technology enables to maintain a computerised system that effectively shares and transfers suitable health information records to the medical experts influencing the quality of healthcare (Lee Joshi, 2016). However, electronic accessibility of information and sharing the medical records via internet channel can be risky at times if security breaches are seen (Henderson, 2015). Most importantly, technology can become messy at times if it cannot be maintained and monitored properly. Additionally, the lack of IT knowledge among the nursing professionals and medical experts has emerged to be another major challenge for health information system. Hence, the challenges of implementing information technology in the healthcare services must be evaluated to avoid any type of medical errors in the upcoming future of technology advancement. Aim of the research The reported study has been aimed to identify the challenges and barriers that may affect the performance as well as the implementation of health information technology in Australia. Moreover, the study will reflect how health information system has increased the performance standards in healthcare delivery as well. Justification of the research In the modern context of healthcare delivery, health information system technology has become one of the most integral parts of managing and sharing health-related records and other medical aspects of patients (Aggarwal, Topaloglu Kumar, 2013). The health information technology has acted as a medium between the doctors and the patients to receive the best healthcare facilities and attention. By investigating the challenges in implementing the health information system psychology, the study can help out the researchers to access the quality and benefits of the system. Additionally, it will enable the healthcare organisation to understand the barriers and take necessary steps to improve their services. Precisely, identifying the challenges will lead to evaluate the solutions so that effective health information system can evidently minimise the number of medical errors. Literature Review Health information technology can be identified as an electronic method that can record the medical information of patients so that the doctors can easily access the relevant information to provide the best healthcare facilities. However, developing the health information system technology can be a bigger task as there are a number of safety regulations and cost-related challenges associated with the system (Costerison Graham, 2008). According to the research conducted by Ologunde (2013), in order to develop health information system such as mobile-based application, a significant amount of funding will be required to be invested. In addition, the maintenance cost of the system must be allocated to avoid any technical issues in delivering mobile technology-based healthcare services. Evidently, allocation of finance for such development can be recognised as one of the leading issues in the implementation of health information technology (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). In another study, Ducke tt (2007) identifies latest challenges for health information managers to deliver the most prominent healthcare service assistance. According to the researcher, there are a number of socio-technical factors that are affecting the safety and security of the clinical settings. For instance, the implementation of health information technology may disrupt the regular healthcare delivery of patients (Schatz, 2015). As a result of the same, care process may be affected leading to poor quality of health services. In another review of the literature, Spring (2011) elaborates that technological barriers are affecting the transfer and sharing of health information in recent times. According to the author, development of modern information technology has promoted latest software that can keep the records of thousands of patients at the same time in a secure way. However, to access the health information system, up-to-date hardware and internet speed must be required (Raghupathi Raghupathi, 2014). Hence, to maintain the communication system, both the consumers, as well as the healthcare service firms, need to upgrade the systems. In rural areas in Australia, such massive transformation and structural changes cannot be possible for a limited period of time (Lopes, Street, Carter Merlin, 2015). Hence, implementation of health information technology has been hampered in the remote but needy locations of the country. The study by Raw (2003) reviews how the standard of health information technology h as affected the implementation of the technology. Precisely, doctors and physicians in Australian can be identified as one of the leading agents of the system. However, electronic health services are yet not fully accepted by the management practitioners. Therefore, the reluctance of the medical practitioners to adopt the health information technology can be termed as a major obstacle to implement the system at the bigger picture (Lee Joshi, 2016). In another study by Hren (2013), the author states that cost of implementation and maintenance of the health information technology has been the biggest challenge for government as well as the healthcare service firms. To implement the health information technology at the larger stage will cost massive investment. In the current scenario of the budget deficit, the Australian government is not in a position to spend massive funds on developing such widespread technology system in the country (Aggarwal, Topaloglu Kumar, 2013). Hence, the implementation of the health information system has to be compromised and delayed. On the other hand, issue of security concerns in the health information system can be another challenge to promote health information system that has to be managed using the internet platform (Bramley, 2016). Due to the fear of security breach, many of the patients, as well as medical service providers, are reluctant to adopt the system. Other than that, Henderson (2015) explains how lack of collaboration of information sharing has led to the failure of health information system. In some cases, the author has found that miscommunication and lack of information sharing about the patients due to technical issues have converted into deadly outcome for the patients (Rallapalli, 2016). Therefore, such issues can act as obstacles to the implementation of health information technology. Methodology The methodology of the research presents the blueprint of the study that has been used to collect data and analyse them in order to answer the research questions. The study has been based on review technique in which the previous literatures relevant to the field of study has been evaluated and critically analysed to observe the major challenges that are faced by the healthcare organisations in implementing information technology in the healthcare services (Ketchen Bergh, 2016). Furthermore, the study is based on secondary data due to limitations of time and regulatory constraints. The secondary data has been collected from secondary sources such as journal articles, government reports, and books available in printed media or over the internet (Kothari Garg, 2016). Google Scholar has been used as a primary medium to search the secondary data sources for collecting the information required for the study. Moreover, the research has been conducted using qualitative research method, in which the research questions have been answered using secondary data analytics (Sittig Ash, 2011). Additionally, the findings of the research have been presented using descriptive research technique that helps to answer the research question in a thematic way (Kothari Garg, 2016). In other words, the research questions have been answered one by one using the secondary data and information collected from different sources. Results and Findings The entire research study has been based on secondary data and the analysis of the current state of scenario of the healthcare industry in Australia. Information technology has emerged to be a major factor for improving the standards of healthcare in a developed country like Australia. According to Rajakulendran, Maclntosh, Salah Khayat (2014), information technology has transformed the healthcare system in Canada making it more decentralised and connected. In the same manner, health IT has been implemented by the healthcare organisations in several developed countries of the world to develop an integrated healthcare model that can be used to improve the standard of care by providing better services (Rajakulendran, Maclntosh, Salah Khayat, 2014). The implementation of IT in healthcare improves the transfer and monitoring of data leading to a better communication system that enables the medical professionals to improve their services (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Data and Data Analytic s is the foremost contribution of information technology in the field of healthcare that makes it easier for the medical professionals to take care of the patients with decentralised and highly connected healthcare services (Rajakulendran, Maclntosh, Salah Khayat, 2014). Hence, it can be seen that information technology plays a significant role in improving the standards of healthcare services. A figure has been presented herein below for further consideration: According to the findings, it can be discovered that health information exchange using the IT has been regulated by a number of policy so that safety and security of the information can be retained. During the time of sharing the information, both the parties have to follow the compliance strictly (Schatz, 2015). However, information technology has been continuously played a major role in delivering quality healthcare services and facilities over the past decade or so (Bertrand, 2009). According to the reports, engagement of patients as well as the medical practitioners must be promoted up the order to increase the potential benefits of the health information system in Australia (Jang-Jaccard, Nepal, Alem Li, 2014). Sometimes, traditional citizens and doctors of the country have found it difficult to change the healthcare practices and regular habits. Therefore, wider adoption of the system in healthcare has been completely depended upon the willingness of the patients and the medic al practitioners (Lopes, Street, Carter Merlin, 2015). Moreover, the inception of Smartphone technology has made life easy for the social public to get used to the health information system. According to Dr. Jolly (2013), the federal government of Australia has allocated a budget of $466.7 million over two years to introduce the Person-Controlled Electronic Health Record System (PCEHR) in the year 2011. However, the initiative taken by the government was faced by several criticisms due to the issues of security and privacy if the records. Moreover, it has been found that the budget was too less for such a large initiative that resulted in the failure of the programme (Lopes, Street, Carter Merlin, 2015). Additionally, the initiative taken by the Australian government resulted in angst among the medical practitioners (Lawrence, Hancock Kisely, 2013). For instance, the clinical workloads of the medical practitioners increased with the implementation of Information Technology without any tangible benefits. Hence, it can be seen that the implementation of the information technology will fail if proper support from the medical practitioners are not gained. Dr. Jolly (2013) also said that the increase in expenses of the healthcare organisations in implementing Health Information Technology sometimes negatively impacts the budget of the organisation in rendering their services. For instance, several cases have been found in which the organisations downsizes the structure of the firm in order to utilise the money in the implementation of health information technology. Additionally, the government of Australia enforces the medical practitioners to participate in the implementation of IT in healthcare by introducing new policies. For instance, every medical practitioner need to participate in IT programmes in order to remain eligible for the Practice Incentives Programme (Lawrence, Hancock Kisely, 2013). Hence, a negative mindset has been created among the medical practitioners that have resulted as a barrier for implementing health information technology. Moreover, it can be seen that the rural areas lack proper internet services due to disbursed settlement and poor infrastructure (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). Hence, it becomes difficult for the citizens to take advantages of the e-health services and the information technology implemented by the healthcare organisations. Discussion On the basis of the literature review and findings of the research, it can be seen that the information technology plays a major role in improving the standards of healthcare services in the current scenario of increased health consciousness (Lawrence, Hancock Kisely, 2013). However, the challenges and barriers faced by the healthcare organisations, medical practitioners, government and patients regarding the use of information technology has become a major concern in the recent healthcare system of Australia (Bertrand, 2009). The government of Australia has taken several initiatives to promote the use of healthcare information system technology in the healthcare delivery (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). For instance, the introduction of the PCEHR programme and the PIP has been some of the major steps taken by the federal government of Australia to promote the use of information technology in healthcare services. Conversely, the lack of budget, data security issue, poor infrastructure in rur al areas and restriction from the medical practitioners has emerged to be the primary barriers for implement health information technology (Costerison Graham, 2008). Furthermore, the lack of technology in terms of user friendly applications is another challenge for the healthcare organisations to implement health information technology. Additionally, there are several people in Australia from the rural regions who do not know to use modern technologies in order to get healthcare information (Sakr Elgammal, 2016). Though the Australian Government has taken several initiatives to implement information technology in the healthcare system, the policy will never get success unless it received proper cooperation and support of the medical practitioners (Jang-Jaccard, Nepal, Alem Li, 2014). Moreover, the lack of IT knowledge and psychological mindset of increase in workload among the medical practitioners are several other challenges that must be mitigated to successful implement the IT in healthcare system of Australia. According to Dr. Jolly (2013), government need to collaborate with the medical institutions and provide monetary support in order to make the initiative successful. Additionally, training and develop programs must be conducted to mitigate the challenges and implement better technology in healthcare system to improve its standards in the future. Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, it can be seen that health information system plays a major role in improving the standards of healthcare services. For instance, information technology makes the healthcare services decentralised and connected that enables a person to access healthcare information from home without visiting the hospital. The implementation of IT in healthcare services have provide new scopes of healthcare services in the form of e-health services that improves the current quality of the services. However, the challenges faced by the healthcare organisations in implementing IT in their services have become a major issue for the Australian economy. Though the government has already spent $466.7 million from 2011 and allocated further fund to implement IT in healthcare system, there is a need of more fund in the future to proceed with the process. Finally, the lack of IT knowledge and restrictions among the medical professionals is another major challenge for success fully implementing health information technology in Australia. Recommendations On the basis of the above analysis and findings of the research, the recommendations to mitigate the challenges of implementing information technology in the healthcare system of Australia have been presented herein below: Increase budget for information technology: The healthcare operations must allocate fund and increase their budget for implementing information technology in the healthcare system. A proper allocation of fund will help the healthcare organisations to make better utilisation of IT services in order to improve the standard of healthcare in Australia. Improve Government Policy: The Government of Australia need to introduce new policies and allocate funds to promote the use of information technology in healthcare services. The Australian government can provide subsidiaries to the healthcare organisation in order to implement IT in the healthcare services. IT training for medical practitioners: There is a need of IT training for the medical practitioners such as doctors, nurses, medical coordinators and others. The government can collaborate with medical institutions and healthcare organisations to provide such training to the professionals. Provide incentives to medical practitioners: The medical practitioners must be remunerated and provided with adequate incentives in order to take extra workload. It will motivate the medical professionals and influence them to actively participate in the change process. Limitation and Future scope The current research is based on secondary data that is obtained from previous literatures and findings of other authors. Furthermore, the study lacks in providing primary data due to the limited scope of primary research, regulatory obligations and time constraints. The findings and results of the research is totally based on the data and information collected from secondary sources that lacks personal observations and current thoughts of the professionals. Therefore, there is a scope to conduct primary research in this topic in order to observe the views and feedback of the medical practitioners. The primary research will enable the researcher to gain more knowledge on the chosen topic and present the current thoughts and observations of the medical practitioners regarding the challenges they face while using information technology in healthcare services. References Aggarwal, S., Topaloglu, H., Kumar, S. (2013). Importance of Subgroup Analyses for Health Technology Assessments.Value In Health,16(7), A462. Bertrand, W. (2009). Information as a Primary Health Care intervention: The impact of new technology on improving health for all.Information Technology For Development,4(4), 741-749. Bramley, M. (2016). Information Technology (IT) in Health.Health Information Management,26(1), 44-45. Costerison, E., Graham, A. (2008). Developing and promoting an intranet site for a drug information service.American Journal Of Health-System Pharmacy,65(7), 639-643. Duckett, S. (2007). New Challenges for Health Information Managers.Health Information Management,27(1), 6-6. Henderson, J. (2015). Standing Your Ground: The Importance of Health Information Managers Sharing What They Do.Health Information Management Journal,44(3), 4-6. Hren, R. (2013). The Importance of Sensitivity Analyses in Health Technology Assessments.Value In Health,16(7), A617-A618. Jang-Jaccard, J., Nepal, S., Alem, L., Li, J. (2014). Barriers for Delivering Telehealth in Rural Australia: A Review Based on Australian Trials and Studies.Telemedicine And E-Health,20(5), 496-504. Jolly, R. (2013).E health - Budget Review 201213 Index.Aph.gov.au. Retrieved October 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReview201213/Ehealth Kellermann, A., Jones, S. (2013). What It Will Take To Achieve The As-Yet-Unfulfilled Promises Of Health Information Technology.Health Affairs,32(1), 63-68. Ketchen, D., Bergh, D. (2016).Research methodology in strategy and management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Kothari, C., Garg, G. (2016).Research methodology. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limeted. Lawrence, D., Hancock, K., Kisely, S. (2013). The gap in life expectancy from preventable physical illness in psychiatric patients in Western Australia: retrospective analysis of population based registers.BMJ,346(may21 1), f2539-f2539. Lee, K., Joshi, K. (2016). Importance of Globalization in the Information Technology Convergence Era.Journal Of Global Information Technology Management,19(1), 1-5. Lopes, E., Street, J., Carter, D., Merlin, T. (2015). Involving patients in health technology funding decisions: stakeholder perspectives on processes used in Australia.Health Expectations,19(2), 331-344. Ologunde, R. (2013). The Challenges of Health System financial.World Medical Health Policy,5(4), 403-411. Population - Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017).Abs.gov.au. Retrieved October 2017, from https://www.abs.gov.au/Population Raghupathi, W., Raghupathi, V. (2014). Big data analytics in healthcare: promise and potential.Health Information Science And Systems,2(1). Rajakulendran, N., Maclntosh, E., Salah, H., Khayat, Z. (2014).Transforming Health: Decentralized and connected.MaRS. Retrieved October 2017, from https://www.marsdd.com/news-and-insights/transforming-health-decentralized-connected-care/ Rallapalli, S. (2016). Improving Healthcare-Big Data Analytics for Electronic Health Records on Cloud.Journal Of Advances In Information Technology,7(1), 65-68. Raw, J. (2003). Standards for Health Information and Related Health Information Technology.Health Information Management,31(3), 1-5. Sakr, S., Elgammal, A. (2016). Towards a Comprehensive Data Analytics Framework for Smart Healthcare Services.Big Data Research,4, 44-58. Schatz, B. (2015). National Surveys of Population Health: Big Data Analytics for Mobile Health Monitors.Big Data,3(4), 219-229. Sittig, D., Ash, J. (2011). On the Importance of Using a Multidimensional Sociotechnical Model to Study Health Information Technology.The Annals Of Family Medicine,9(5), 390-391. Spring, H. (2011). Meeting the challenges of clinical information provision.Health Information Libraries Journal.

One Simple Trick for 5th Grade Essay Writing Topics Explained

One Simple Trick for 5th Grade Essay Writing Topics Explained Definitions of 5th Grade Essay Writing Topics Read your essay to see whether it flows well. While writing the essay you should be certain your essay is absolutely free from all sorts of errors including grammatical or spelling in order to save your time in the revision approach. An academic essay should have an argument. Our essay writing worksheets below give fantastic practice with various varieties of essay writing. Following are a few guideless from top UK essay writers about how to compose your essay. Start by re-stressing the value of your thesis. The students should first exactly formulate the questions they try to answer in their essay. Most students don't know how to compose a master's thesis and with that they are needed to find essay writing help from online essay businesses. They feel that the essay topics must be extravagant or unusual. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Often, they are confused as to how to structure their essay. There are lots of GED essay topics supplied to the students in GED essay writing exams which make it troublesome to take care of. Choosing our service, you will understand that studying can be simple if you gain from the help of competent experts. Naturally, essays play a major role in the college application procedure, also. After the form is finished, it ought to be returned to the GED Testing Center. You've got an idea to enhance your school. Fifth grade students utilize every phase of the writing procedure and continue to construct their understanding of writing conventions. To get ready for the demands of middle school and higher school writing, fifth graders ought to be mastering skills necessary for strong nonfiction writing. 10-11 year-old 5th graders are predicted in order to organize their ideas and structure sentences well. Whispered 5th Grade Essay Writing Topics Secrets Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. Complex riddles were rather popular, in addition to hunting. Very quickly add in a couple of additional objects for them to throw at the identical moment. 5th Grade Essay Writing Topics for Dummies As it's such a huge subject, you're going to want to narrow your paper down to a particular angle. Anytime you must compose a timed essay, you should start with a frame depending on the parts below. Fortunately, you can learn how to craft a good essay if you may stick to the typical pattern and write in a very clear and organized method. An excellent essay is comprised of lots of characteristics like a well-structured, original suggestions and convincing arguments and much more. It will raise the originality facet of your essay too. Examining each side of the issue can aid your readers form their own opinions. So it's always great to have sources in hand to generate enough arguments wherever required. It's quite important to learn to link unique points and paragraphs with each other to help readers run in flow of arguments. Your own opinion If you merely paraphrase different people's ideas, then your essay will wind up being boring and your audience will surely be drop interest. It will provide your readers a concept of what things to anticipate from reading your article. If you merely started talking about the primary point without an introduction, your readers might take some time to comprehend what the topic for the report is all about. You will also have to convince yourself that the topic isn't a boring one, and discover strategies to relate it to the actual world. The End of 5th Grade Essay Writing Topics You will need to provide your readers enough information so that they fully see what you're writing about. Explaining how to spend less by employing open-source texts and internet textbook rental websites would result in an extremely informative essay. Your essay might incorporate the factors for teen pregnancy and talk about the recent rates of teen pregnancy and potential solutions. This kind of essay is intended to organize things in categories and after that provide examples of the things that may fit in every category.

Essay Topics on American English - Write About Other Languages For Success

Essay Topics on American English - Write About Other Languages For SuccessWhen it comes to writing and submitting essays for the SAT or ACT, students often use essay topics on American English. The reason is that this is the standard language used in high school and college level examinations, but it is not the only one. In fact, English composition teachers should encourage students to write about other languages as well, such as the other world languages and even Asian languages.A lot of students assume that it is impossible to write about any other language other than English, but that is not the case. In fact, it is actually easier to write about other languages if the student writes from a logical standpoint. Students should be able to differentiate between written language and spoken language, which is difficult if you are accustomed to using the standard English language. This will help them to connect their writing with the language they are speaking.The first step in complet ing this task is to write an entire composition or essay using a language other than English. Students can begin by writing about an event or idea related to another language. They may also choose to write about something they have learned in the past, although a lot of students do not know how to approach the subject in this manner.Writing about other languages is no different than writing about English. Students should learn about the history of each language and the differences between the two. It is also necessary to use correct grammar when writing about these languages.These types of composition essay topics can also include American slang. It is easy to make a sentence longer than needed because of a change in pronunciation or a similar concept. Students should be careful to understand that the American English language does not make such changes. As a result, this should be considered a subject of study in English composition classes.Students should also consider the structu re of their writing when learning how to write about other languages. If they are going to use a word or phrase in two or more paragraphs, it is best to break it up into two sentences. However, if the sentence is relatively short, it should be broken down into paragraphs.Another way to write essay topics on American English is to create subtopics within a larger paragraph. There are a lot of ways to create a topic, but the easiest is to create a subject related to an idea already present in the paragraph. This is similar to breaking up a long statement into a series of paragraphs and then explaining each part of the idea.Students should find an area in their essay or report that they are familiar with and use that topic to write about essay topics on American English. Creating a writing assignment like this is quite easy, especially when students see other essays done in this manner. When students are asked to write an essay about a topic they have seen before, they tend to think of a different concept or idea, which will cause them to look for new topics to write about.

Do I Really Expect to Get Any Out of College?

Do I Really Expect to Get Any Out of College?The question 'What do I really expect to get out of college?' does not come up very often, if at all. The truth is that you should not expect anything, because you have not yet graduated from high school, or the college you plan to attend.You have chosen to attend college. Therefore, it should be a lot of fun and exciting!But, you should also know that it is not all about you alone; in fact, you will not get it all. What you want out of college will depend a lot on the College and University that you choose to attend. There are a number of choices and all of them should be taken into consideration when you are trying to answer this question.A few years ago, I was going to a college with many close friends, which meant there were a lot of parties and celebrations going on throughout the year. We would spend hours discussing things and movies and partying at different times of the night. In many ways, college life reminded me of high school; but then again, there were a few differences too. I noticed that my classmates went out of their way to please their parents and impress them.So, for example, if your parents were expecting you to take an interest in the activities your college had planned, or to be there on Saturday nights so you could dance the night away, they would expect you to show up on time, work hard, and perform. If your parents were excited about how things were changing in their lives, they would expect you to keep up with the latest trends and technology. Maybe you noticed this, but did you know that your parents expect you to take a lot of responsibility in life as well?Parents expect you to give them what they deserve, but also want you to show up and serve. So, you should know what you really expect out of life. Do you really think that you deserve to be where you are? Do you think that it is something that you will get a chance to have?You have a choice as to what your college life will be like. Yo u can follow the crowd, follow the routines, or create your own path and achieve your goals. You will have to make the decision yourself.

The Right Way to Write a Paragraph Essay

The Right Way to Write a Paragraph EssayIf you are contemplating on writing a paragraph essay, then you have read all the right and necessary points. The first step to take in this course is to know the style of writing a paragraph essay. It is also important to know which format is more suitable for you and your essay. So let us try to answer these questions and enlighten you in this article.Answering the question - What Style of Writing a Paragraph Essay? The easiest and the most popular way of writing a paragraph essay is known as the Word version. Many people use this type of essay writing method to compile a large amount of information and then the next type of paragraph essay is called the essay by means of the numbered paragraphs.This type of essay is used by many students when they are studying for an exam. An essay is short and brief. This method is suitable for students who want to put the text in the form of a paragraph and then put in numbers of paragraphs to illustrate t he concepts or information.This type of essay has a small number of paragraphs, which make the essay less difficult and easier to comprehend than the other methods of writing a paragraph essay. It is very popular among students in colleges as well as in the universities.To write a paragraph essay using this style of essay is actually a kind of writing habit. It is a good habit to practice before you start working on the essay that you will be writing.Writing a paragraph essay on different topics in your academic studies may result in a much better academic record than if you write a single long essay. It is so because the essay provides the required information in the minimum time. With paragraphs, the essay writer can utilize the full amount of time to express the pertinent information.But if you have decided to use a method of writing a paragraph essay, you should know some factors that may affect your essay in a negative way. It is important to include these factors when writing a paragraph essay. These factors include language style, which can be informal or formal.You should also check out on other types of format that may be appropriate for you, before you make up your mind to write a paragraph essay. These factors are good indications of the format of your essay. So when you choose a style of writing a paragraph essay, you can decide according to your convenience for the essay.

The Evolution of Management Thought Essay Example For Students

The Evolution of Management Thought Essay The Evolution of Management Thought Khalil Said University of Phoenix The Evolution of Management Thought The evolution of management thoughts and theories in modern management thinking began in the nineteenth century and continued during the twentieth. The need to define management and the role of managers led to the foundation of management theories through experience of the pioneer thinkers. Classical management theory focused on dividing the labors and tasks execution. Classical era characterized by creating a stable profit that stability is the key success of an organization. Among the most influential thinkers that time were Frederick Taylor and his thoughts of scientific management, Henri Fayol and the administrative management, and the bureaucracy of Max Weber. These three thinkers called for the division of labor to improve management effectiveness in organizations. The principles of scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucracy were put forward as the best and only ways for organizations to be operated and administered efficiently to improve, succeed, and meet their profit goals. We will write a custom essay on The Evolution of Management Thought specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Henri Fayol belongs to administrative management; his long career working in a mining company led him to develop the five basic elements of management. These elements are â€Å"1) plan by examining the future and draw up plans of action,2) organize, build up the structure, 3) command by maintaining activity among the personnel, 4) co-ordinate, bind together, unify, and harmonize activity and effort, and 5) control, see that everything occurs in conformity with policy and practice† (Jarvis, 2005). Besides that, Fayol developed the 14 principles of management. According to Hartman (2007) although these principles were controversial in modern organizations, some of them are still in use in those organizations. Wren (2005) noted that these principles derived from Fayal’s experience whereas he was working at a mining company. Although these principles, according to Wren, are not absolute in all organization settings, they served as the foundation of management and as â€Å"lighthouses† to show the way to theory. Fayol’s principles were: 1. Division of labor: through specialization, employees maximized their productivity and produced better results with the ame effort they hitherto spent in executing the same tasks. 2. Authority: Manager’s responsibilities are to exercise power and give order to the right employees. Manager’s authorities based on his or her official authority and differentiated from their personal authorities. 3. Discipline: managers require applying disciplinary methods to keep respect betwe en an organization and its employees on the one hand, and a smooth functioning of all works on the other. 4. Unity of command: employees can receive orders from one only manager. Fayol is best known is differing with Taylor on the value of functional foremen. According to Reid (1995) â€Å"Fayol believed that no employee should receive orders from more than one source and that this authority must be represented at all times. † 5. Unity of direction: there is a clear plan in place for all organizational activities on which all decision-making centralized. 6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest: the interest of organizational goals comes first before the interest of any employee or group of employees. . Remuneration: an agreement between a firm and employees should provide a satisfactory pay rates to both parties. These rates depend on the quality of service and market conditions. 8. Centralization. The degree of centralization and decentralization depends on the dynamics of each organization. Wren (2005) noted that according to Fayol’s centralization and decentralization argument â€Å"everything which goes to increase the importance of the subordinate’s role is decentralization, everything which goes to reduce it is centralization (p. 17). † 9. Scalar chain. A chain of authority exists from the highest organizational authority to the lowest ranks. A direct and clear communication channel needed to increase the effectiveness of organizational communication. 10. Order. Selection of the right material and the right employee to execute certain tasks is important for continuing each organizational function and activity. 11. Equity. Justice and fairness to be in place dealing with employees. 12. Stability of tenure of personnel. A stable environment is important to maximize the productivity of managers and employees. 13. Initiative. Initiatives and plans in need to communicate in clear directions at all levels of the organizational hierarchy so that there should be no waste of time and valuable resources. 14. Esprit de Corps. â€Å"Create a functional teamwork with clear verbal communication is important for the success of an organization. † (Wren, 2005, p. 215) Administrative theory looks at the organization as a closed system. .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .postImageUrl , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:hover , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:visited , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:active { border:0!important; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:active , .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4 .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f39f4613d9ff1c9c746f62e909f93d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bush EssayThe interaction with external environment and the absence of human elements or social factors characterized the formal and classical management era. â€Å"Classical administrative theory, like its near-contemporary the scientific management approach, rests on the premises that organizations are unproblematically rational and (effectively) closed systems† (Marshal1998). Walonck (n. d, cited in Reshef, 2000) emphasized that â€Å"classical management theory was rigid and mechanistic. The shortcomings of classical organization theory quickly became apparent. Its major deficiency was that it attempted to explain peoples motivation to work strictly as a function of economic reward. † Fayol agreed with Taylor’s ideal that if work methods and procedures are carefully examined and observed, more efficient ones could be created and adopted by the rest of the workforce. † Fayol and Weber offered plans for managing large organizations. Fayol (cited in Wren, 1994) stressed education for management rather than technical training, the importance of planning and organizing, and the ongoing phases of command, coordination, and control, (p. 30) The increase of organizational complexity, environmental uncertainty, and a competitive advantage locally and globally made the classical theories too weak to respond in a timely manner to all these factors. Peter Drucker the Moralist Drucker according to some sources is one of the greatest thinkers in modern management theory. According to Hartman (2007) he is â€Å"the father of management by objectives (MBO). † Drucker’s idea and management thoughts based on the relationship and the interaction between management and employees. According to this theory, management spends more time focusing on developing strategic policies and less time spending on supervisory and control issues. Handy (1996) explains that MBO â€Å"assumes that subordinates and superiors negotiate and that neither is power conscious. It also assumes that results are important and that some risks are worth taking – uncertainty- which are the individual’s responsibilities (p. 118) Drucker emphasized the importance of environment. As a modern thinker, he believed that organizational innovation required remaining at a competitive advantage and responding in a timely manner to the internal as well as the external environments. The increased complexity of multinational organizations created the necessity of a new structure that Drucker (1974) called Federal decentralization. In federal decentralization, a company is organized so that there are a number of independent units operating simultaneously. Each unit has its own management which, in effect, runs its own autonomous business. (p. 72) this structure has resulted in large conglomerates, which have diversified into many different fields to minimize risk. Drucker (cited in Cornelis, 2009) in the new realities states that: â€Å"management is what tradition used to call liberal art- liberal because it deals with the fundamentals of knowledge, self knowledge; wisdom, and leadership; art because it deals with practice and application. † According to Drucke r (Cited in Clark, 2004) â€Å"a theory of business has three parts: 1. There are assumptions about the environment of the organization: society and its structure, the market, the customer, and technology. . There are assumptions about specific mission of the organizations. 3. There are assumptions about the core competencies needed to accomplish the organization’s mission (pg. X1 ). † The advance in information technology and communication led Drucker to emphasize the importance of knowledge and knowledge workers. In his book the new realities he states that â€Å"knowledge is information that changes something or somebody—either by becoming grounds for actions, or by making an individual (or an institution) capable of different or more effective action. Thus, the productivity of knowledge and knowledge workers will not be the only competitive factor in the world economy, it is, however; likely to become the decisive factor, at least for most industries in the developed countries† (Clark, 2004, pg. X1, cited Drucer). In contrast with the rational system and top down management â€Å"do it on my way†, Drucker emphasized the importance of the human subject and employee involvement. In his book the new realities he noted that â€Å"the task of management is to make people capable of joint performance, to make their strength effective and the weaknesses irrelevant. This is organization is all about, and it is the reason that management is the critical, determining factor† (Cornelis, 2009). Drucker (1954, cited in Gazell, 2000) â€Å"management was a body of knowledge ultimately enabling people to control nature and their lives and to achieve economic improvement and social justice through the systematic organization of economic resources. He added that â€Å"management is work, and as such it has its own skills, its own tools, its own techniques for completing tasks. † In his view culture is based on shared beliefs and values, shared justification and rationalizations, and shared behavior. A leader is someone who has followers, popularity is not leadership, results are, leaders are highly visible, they set examples; leadership is not rank, privilege, titles or money, it is responsibility† (from the essential Drucker, cited in Cornelis, 2009) Fayol in his view of management focused on management and the role of managers and a dministrative procedure. According to Wren (2004) Fayol first noted that the effect of management on business activities was not fully understood and that technical expertise â€Å"can be completely destroyed by defective administrative procedures. Second, â€Å"a leader who is a good administrator but technically mediocre is generally much more useful to the enterprise than if he were a brilliant technician but a mediocre administrator. † Thus, according to Fayol, as cited in Wren (2004) â€Å"organizational success depended more on the managerial abilities of its leaders than on their technical abilities† (p. 12). According to Fayol, employees execute tasks and do what the managers want them to do. Employees involvement was absent from his thoughts and writing. .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .postImageUrl , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:hover , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:visited , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:active { border:0!important; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:active , .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922 .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u38c933727bf5e649935c5b5fdfa34922:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sir Isaac Newton Essay PapersStone and Patterson (2005) noted that â€Å"both theories relied on the machine metaphor with a heavy emphasis on mechanization of jobs, which undermined the human aspect of the organization and failed to recognize organizations as complex organisms. † In contrast, Drucker hoped to see the American factory as a self-governing community. Drucker (cited in Hoopes, 2003) noted that â€Å"managers could legitimately make strategic decisions from participation in the plant’s social organizations (p. 240). † Classical managers have the duty to lead in a directive manner because their leaders are also directive and classical top d own management style. According to Crawford, Brungardt, and Maughan (n. d), leaders organize, control, command, decide, and manipulate for results. The most effective leaders are those who can force structure on a disordered organization that had no form before. They added that â€Å"the capacity to organize cannot be underscored enough for the classical leader. Given the fact that the classicist desires stability to minimize change, formal structure is the ultimate way of codifying what is good in the organization, and what is bad is structured as far away as possible from leadership. † Conclusion Management theories and thoughts exist to solve problems and provide some guidelines to a profitability and survival of organizations. The dilemma between the classical view of management thoughts and the post-classical view is that classical theories dealt with top down management and decision-making regardless of any environmental effects and the human subject. Whereas the post classical theories see that bottom up decision making and its external environment affect overall organizational effectiveness as an organization becomes more complex and conducts its business in uncertain and unpredictable global market. References Clark, D. 2004). Knowledge. Retrieved Dec 12, 2009, from http://www. sos. net/~donclark/knowledge/knowledge. html Cornelis, A. (2009). Peter Drucker on management: Three themes. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009, from http://www. scribd. com/doc/21607554/Peter-Drucker-on-Management-3-themes Cohen, W. A. (2007). A class with Drucker: The lost lessons of the worlds greatest m anagement teacher. AMACOM. Crawford, Brungardt, Maughan (2007). Understanding leadership. Retrieved Dec 13, 2009, from union. okstate. edu/Leadership/Documents/HistoryofLeadership. ppt Gazell, J. A. (2000). Drucker on effective public management. Journal of Management History. Bradford, (6)1,  pg. 48 Handy, C. (1996). Gods of management: The changing work of organizations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Hartley, R. F. (2005). Business ethics: Mistakes and successes, first edition. John Wiley Sons. Hoops, j. (2003). False prophets and the gurus who created modern management and why their ideas are bad for business. Purse US Publishing Jarvis, C. (2005). Fayol (1841-1925) functions and principles of management. Retrieved Dec 01, 2009, from http://www. bola. biz/competence/fayol. html Marshal,G. (1998). Administrative theory. Retrieved December 10, 2009 from Encyclopedia. com: http://www. ncyclopedia. com/doc/1O88-administrativetheory. html Reid, D. (1995). Fayol: From experience to theory. Journal of Management History. Bradford (1)3, pg. 21 Reshef, Y. (2000). Henri Fayol (1841-1925) General and industrial management. University of Alberta. Retrieved on November 28, 2008, from http://www. business. ualberta. ca/yreshef/orga417/Fayol. htm Walonck, D. S. (n. d). Organizational theory and behavior. Retrieved Dec 01, 2009, from http://survey-software-solutions. com/walonick/organizational-theory. htm Wren, D. A. (1994). The evolution of management thought (4th ed. ). San Francisco: John Wiley Sons.

Definition and Discussion of Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Discussion of Classical Rhetoric Definition The expression classical rhetoric refers to the  practice and teaching of rhetoric in ancient Greece and Rome from roughly the fifth century B.C. to the early Middle Ages. Though rhetorical studies began in Greece in the fifth century B.C., the practice of rhetoric began much earlier with the emergence of Homo sapiens. Rhetoric became a subject of academic study at a time when ancient Greece was evolving from an oral culture to a literate one. See the observations below. Also see: Definitions of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece and RomeAn Overview of Classical Rhetoric: Origins, Branches, Canons, Concepts, and ExercisesRhetoric Review QuestionsDialecticDissoi LogoiGlossary of Rhetorical TermsLetteraturizzazioneOrality Oratory  and  The Parts of a Speech PraxisSophistsStoic GrammarTechneWhat Are the Five Canons of Rhetoric?What Are the Progymnasmata?What Are the Three Branches of Rhetoric? Periods of Western Rhetoric Classical RhetoricMedieval RhetoricRenaissance RhetoricEnlightenment RhetoricNineteenth-Century RhetoricNew Rhetoric(s) Observations [T]he earliest surviving use of the term rhetorike is in Platos Gorgias in the early fourth century BCE. . . . [I]t is likely, although impossible to prove definitively, that Plato himself coined the term.(David M. Timmerman and Edward Schiappa, Classical Greek Rhetorical Theory and the Disciplining of Discourse. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Rhetoric in Ancient GreeceClassical writers regarded rhetoric as having been invented, or more accurately, discovered, in the fifth century B.C. in the democracies of Syracuse and Athens. . . . [T]hen, for the first time in Europe, attempts were made to describe the features of an effective speech and to teach someone how to plan and deliver one. Under democracies citizens were expected to participate in political debate, and they were expected to speak on their own behalf in courts of law. A theory of public speaking evolved, which developed an extensive technical vocabulary to describe features of argument, arrangement, style, and delivery . . . .Classical rhetoriciansthat is, teachers of rhetoricrecognized that many features of their subject could be found in Greek literature before the invention of rhetoric . . .. Conversely, the teaching of rhetoric in the schools, ostensibly concerned primarily with training in public address, had a significant effect on written composition, and thus on literature.(George Kennedy, A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton University Press, 1994) Roman RhetoricEarly Rome was a republic rather than a direct democracy, but it was a society in which public speaking was as important to civic life as it had been in Athens . . ..The ruling elite [in Rome] viewed rhetoric with suspicion, leading the Roman Senate to ban the teaching of rhetoric and close all the schools in 161 BC. Although this move was partially motivated by strong anti-Greek sentiments among the Romans, it is clear that the Senate also was motivated by a desire to eliminate a powerful tool for social change. In the hands of demagogues like the Gracchi, rhetoric had the potential to stir the restless poor, inciting them to riots as part of the endless internal conflicts among the ruling elite. In the hands of skillful legal orators like Lucius Licinius Crassus and Cicero, it had the power to undermine Romes traditionally rigid interpretation and application of law.(James D. Williams, An Introduction to Classical Rhetoric: Essential Readings. Wiley, 2009) Rhetoric a nd WritingFrom its origin in 5th century BC Greece through its flourishing period in Rome and its reign in the medieval trivium, rhetoric was associated primarily with the art of oratory. During the Middle Ages, the precepts of classical rhetoric began to be applied to letter-writing, but it was not until the Renaissance . . . that the precepts governing the spoken art began to be applied, on any large scale, to written discourse.(Edward Corbett and Robert Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford University Press, 1999) Women in Classical RhetoricThough most historical texts focus on the father figures of classical rhetoric, women (though generally excluded from educational opportunities and political offices) also contributed to the rhetorical tradition in ancient Greece and Rome. Women such as Aspasia and Theodote have sometimes been described as the muted rhetoricians; unfortunately, because they left no texts, we know few details about their contributions. To learn more about the roles played by women in classical rhetoric, see Rhetoric Retold: Regendering the Tradition from Antiquity Through the Renaissance, by Cheryl Glenn (1997); Rhetorical Theory by Women Before 1900, edited by Jane Donawerth (2002); and Jan Swearingens Rhetoric and Irony: Western Literacy and Western Lies (1991). Primary Rhetoric, Secondary Rhetoric, and LetteraturizzazionePrimary rhetoric involves utterance on a specific occasion; it is an act not a text, though subsequently it can be treated as a text. The primacy of pri mary rhetoric is a fundamental fact in the classical tradition: through the time of the Roman Empire teachers of rhetoric, whatever was the real situation of their students, took as their nominal goal the training of persuasive public speakers; even in the early Middle Ages, when there was reduced practical opportunity to exercise civic rhetoric, the definition and content of rhetorical theory as set forth by Isidore and Alcuin, for example, show the same civic assumption; the revival of classical rhetoric in Renaissance Italy was foreshadowed by renewed need for civic rhetoric in the cities of the 12th and 13th centuries; and the great period of neoclassical rhetoric was the time when public speaking emerged as a major force in church and state in France, England, and America.Secondary rhetoric, on the other hand, refers to rhetorical techniques as found in discourse, literature and art forms when those techniques are not being used for an oral, persuasive purpose. . . . Frequent m anifestations of secondary rhetoric are commonplaces, figures of speech, and tropes in written works. Much literature, art and informal discourse is decorated by secondary rhetoric, which may be a mannerism of the historical period in which it is composed. . . .It has been a persistent characteristic of classical rhetoric in almost every stage of its history to move from primary to secondary forms, occasionally then reversing the pattern. For this phenomenon the Italian term letteraturizzazione has been coined. Letteraturizzazione is the tendency of rhetoric to shift focus from persuasion to narration, from civic to personal contexts, and from speech to literature, including poetry.(George Kennedy, Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition, 2nd ed. University of North Carolina Press, 1999)